Measures to be taken for cancer prevention


        MEASURES TO BE TAKEN FOR CANCER PREVENTION

• Stop smoking. Tobacco smoke is the biggest single cause of cancer in the world. In the US, for example, it is thought that about one in three of all cancer deaths is the result of smoking. Most people are aware that smoking produces lung cancer but it also produces cancer of the oesophagus (gullet), bladder, larynx and pancreas. Clearly much of this burden of cancer would be avoided if people stopped smoking. Cancer of the mouth and pharynx are caused by chewing betel quid with and without tobacco in southern Asia, and by the combination of alcohol and tobacco in westernized countries.

• Alcohol has been found to be associated with cancers of the mouth, throat, tongue and oesophagus. Since liver cancer is often associated with cirrhosis it is possible that alcohol consumption plays a part in liver cancer either directly or indirectly. Other dietary factors have also been found to be causative in cancer. Aflatoxins are products of fungi that grow on peanuts, grains and other foods and produce liver cancer in fish and other animals. Nitrosamines and nitrosamides are carcinogenic in animals and these chemicals are often produced in the body as a result of eating nitrates and nitrites used as preservatives. Smoking and curing foods produces polycyclic hydrocarbons and this has led many cancer experts to suggest the avoidance of burned, charred or even heavily smoked foods.

• Obesity has been found to predispose to cancers of all kinds in many studies. This has been especially well studied in relation to breast cancer.

• The decline in primary cancer of the liver is probably due to improved personal and community hygiene. Hepatitis  infection is an important factor in producing liver cancer, and good living conditions and high levels of sanitation reduce the infection occurrence. If vaccination reduced the numbers of carriers by 90 per cent, and if newborn babies in Africa, Asia and China could be vaccinated, then nearly 200,000 cases of liver cancer could be prevented every year. At the moment the vaccination is very expensive but it looks as though cheaper versions, produced by genetic engineering, are on the way.
Cancer of the penis too is declining as personal hygiene improves worldwide.

• Too much sun definitely increases the risk of skin cancer.

• Clearly linked to sun exposure is the exposure to other forms of radiation. There is little doubt that X-rays and other ionizing radiations produce leukaemias. Atom-bomb survivors have more thyroid, breast and lung cancers. Patients being treated for ankylosing spondylitis with X-rays have more stomach and pancreatic cancer. Radium dial painters have more bone cancers and uranium mine workers more lung cancers. If you work with radiation be sure to observe all the safety regulations.

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GENERAL HEALTH


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